Peru

Peru's contribution is Pachacuti — pacha kutiy, the turning over of the world — the Andean concept that a cosmic era ends when the world is overturned and remade. The ninth Inca emperor took the word as his title after his reign began with a city saved, and chroniclers and scholars alike have read the concept through the Christian judgment that the Spanish brought: two end-machineries, one word. The world, in the Andean telling, does not end so much as turn.